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diff --git a/.md/thoughts/txt/textfiles.com/unix_bible.txt b/.md/thoughts/txt/textfiles.com/unix_bible.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 722122e..0000000 --- a/.md/thoughts/txt/textfiles.com/unix_bible.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,449 +0,0 @@ - UNIX
- ~~~~
-
- Command Description
- ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~
-
- awk Search for a pattern within a file. Includes
- a built-in programming language.
-
- bdiff Compares two large files.
-
- bfs Scans a large file.
-
- cal Displays a calendar.
-
- cat Concatenates and prints files.
-
- cc C compiler.
-
- cd Change directory.
-
- chgrp Changes a file's group ownership.
-
- chmod Changes a file's access permissions.
-
- chown Changes the individual ownership of a file.
-
- cmp Compares two files; diplays the location (line
- and byte) of the 1st difference between these.
-
- comm Compares two files so as to determine which
- lines are common to both.
-
- cp Copies a file to another location.
-
- cu Calls another UNIX system.
-
- date Returns the date and time.
-
- df Displays free space in the file system.
-
- diff Displays the differences between two files
- or directories.
-
- diff3 Displays the differences between three files
- or directories.
-
- du Reports on file system usage.
-
- echo Displays its argument.
-
- ed Text editor.
-
- ex Text editor.
-
- expr Evaluates its argument which is generally
- a mathematical formula.
-
- f77 FORTRAN compiler.
-
- find Locates the files w/ specified characteristics.
-
- format Initializes a floppy disk.
-
- grep Searches for a pattern within a file. (see awk)
-
- help Salvation.
-
- kill Ends a process.
-
- ln Used to link files.
-
- lpr Copies the file to the line printer.
-
- ls Displays info. about one or more files.
-
- mail Used to receive or deliver e-mail.
-
- mkdir Creates a new directory.
-
- more Displays a long file so that the user
- can scroll through it.
-
- mv Used to move or rename files.
-
- nroff Used to format text.
-
- ps Display a process's status.
-
- pwd Display the name of the working directory.
-
- rm Removes one or more files.
-
- rmdir Deletes one or more directories.
-
- sleep Causes a process to become inactive for a
- specified length of time.
-
- sort Sort and merge one or more files.
-
- spell Finds spelling errors in a file.
-
- split Divides a file.
-
- stty Display or set terminal parameters.
-
- tail Displays the end of a file.
-
- troff Outputs formatted output to a typesetter.
-
- tset Sets the terminal type.
-
- umask Allows the user to specify a new creation
- mask.
-
- uniq Compares 2 files. Finds and displays lines
- in one file that are unique.
-
- uucp UNIX-to-UNIX execute.
-
- vi Full screen editor.
-
- wc Displays details in the file size.
-
- who Info. on who else be online.
-
- write Used to send a message to another user.
-_______________________________________________________________________________
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
- awk program filenames
- awk -f programfilenames filenames
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- The [awk] utility can be used to find any lines in a file which
- match a certain pattern; once found, these lines can be processed.
- In the first configuration, the program that [awk] is to
- execute is specified in the command line. In the second,
- the program is stored as the file given in programfilename.
- The -f option instructs [awk] to read this file.
-
-
- [bdiff] is used to compare files too large for [diff]. See
- [diff] for the format.
-
-
- bfs filename
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~
- [bfs] is used to scan a large file to determine where to split
- it into smaller files.
-
-
- cal 01-12 (month) 0-9999 (year)
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- [cal] utility can be used to display a calendar of any year
- from 0 to 9999 AD, and any or all of the twelve months.
-
-
- cat filename
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~
- [cat] can be used to examine a short file. See [more] for
- lengthier files.
-
-
- number[cc]
- ~~~~~~~~~~
- The [cc] command changes the entire current line, or a group
- of lines starting with the current line. [number] represents
- the number of old lines to be deleted.
-
-
- cd directory name
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- The [cd] command causes the current working directory to be
- changed. The [directory name] can be either a full or partial
- path name.
-
-
- chgrp groupname filename
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- This command changes the group ownership of a file.
-
-
- chmod {ugoa} {+-} {rwx}
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- The [chmod] utility changes a file's access permissions. [u]
- specifies the user or owner's login name, [g] specifies a group
- and [o] indicates all others. [a] indicates the user, group,
- and all others; c'est the default. [+] adds permission; [-]
- deletes it. [r] indicates read, [w] write, and [x] execute.
-
-
- chown individualname filename
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- [chown] changes the individual ownership of a file (see chgrp).
-
-
- cmp filename1 filename2
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- [cmp] is one of the four principle UNIX file comparison utilities.
- It compares 2 files, and returns the positions where they differ.
-
-
- comm -options filename1 filename2
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- The [comm] utility, in comparing two files, produces three
- columns of output. The first contains lines unique to the
- first file, the second, lines unique to the second, and the
- third column, lines common to both files. By placing the
- numbers [1], [2], and/or [3] in the [options] position, any
- one (or more) of these columns can be suppressed.
-
-
- cp sendingfile receivingfile
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- The [cp] command copies a file. [sendingfile] is the file to be
- copied, [receivingfile] is the file to which it is copied.
-
-
- diff [options] filename1 filename2
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Again, a file comparison utility. However, with [diff], the
- differences are displayed as instructions that can be used
- to edit the files so that they are identical.
-
-
- diff3 filename1 filename2 filename3
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Similar to [diff], [diff3] is unique in that it can compare
- three files. Gee.
-
-
- ed filename
- ~~~~~~~~~~~
- One of the UNIX's three editing utilities, [ed] is a basic line
- editor. I'm sure there are other files that will explain how
- to use [ed]. Thus, I'll confine myself to a rough outline:
- e filename ........... edit a different file
- f filename ........... changes the currently specified file.
- h .................... provides explanation of errors.
- I
- text ................. inserts text before the current line.
- line,linel ........... lists the specified lines.
- line,linen ........... displays specified lines, preceded by
- their line numbers.
- q .................... exit from [ed]
- w .................... writes buffer to current filename.
- + or - ............... +number of lines closer to end
- -number of lines closer to beginning.
-
-
- expr formula
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Utility which evaluates an expression.
-
-
- find directory searchcriteria parameter actioncriteria parameter
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- The [find] utility can be very useful indeed, especially when
- confronted by a UNIX with countless files. Basically, this
- command finds files which meet certain criteria, and then
- performs an operation (such as printing the files). Search
- criteria consists of the following:
-
-
- Criteria Parameter Description
- ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~
- -name filename Files whose names match [filename]
- will meet this criteria.
- -type filetype Files whose type matches that specified
- [b] block special will meet criteria.
- [c] character spec. file
- [d] directory file
- [f] plain file
- -links +/- x Files with # of links indicated by
- + or - x meet this criteria.
- -user login name Files belonging to user with given
- or user ID # login name or ID # meet criteria.
- -group group name Files belonging to group with given
- or group ID # group name or ID # meet this criteria.
- -size + or - x Files greater than +x bytes or less
- than -x bytes meet this criteria.
- -atime + or - x Files not accessed within +x days,
- accessed within -x days, or acc-
- essed x days ago meet criteria.
- -mtime + or - x Files NOT modified within +x days,
- modified within -x days, or modified
- x days ago will meet this criteria.
- -newer filename Files modified more recently than
- [filename] meet this criteria.
- Action Criteria " "
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~
- -print - When search criteria are met, path
- name of the file is displayed.
- -exec command{ }\; Executes given command when search
- criteria are met. { } indicates file-
- name, [\;] ends the command.
- -ok command{ }\; Exactly like -exec, except user is
- prompted [y] or [n] before command.
-
-
- grep -options searchstring filenames
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- Another search command, this for a particular string of chars.
-
-
- ln original new
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- [ln] establishes a file link. For this utility, [original] repre-
- sents the filename to be linked, [new] the filename of the new
- link to the original.
-
-
- [ls] provides directory information. [ls -l/] displays a more
- complete version of the info. list.
-
-
- mail username username
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- This utility allows e-mail to be sent to other system users.
-
- mail
- ~~~~
- Simply typing [mail] checks the user's own mailbox.
- When sending mail, several items must be set:
- ~s text ............ sets the subject field
- ~c user names ...... sends other users carbon copies of mail
- m user names ....... activates the compose mode, with the
- specified users as the message's recipients.
- ~h ................. displays and allows editing of all headers.
- ^D ................. ends message editing; sends mail.
- ~r filename ........ places file in body of message (keen command)
-
- Reading One's Own Mail:
- h number or range ....... causes specified headers to be displayed
- p message # ............. displays entire message
- d number or range ....... deletes specified messages
- u number or range ....... undelete specified mail during SAME
- mail session (messages removed after q)
- q ....................... leave the post office
-
-
- mkdir directoryname
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- [mkdir] allows creation of a subdirectory, for your dining
- enjoyment.
-
-
- more filename
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- For longer files, [more] is a convenient utility. It will display
- the first screen of file data and then stop, allowing the user
- to control scrolling henceforth.
-
-
- mv oldfilename newfilename
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- The [mv] utility can be used simply to rename a file, or...
-
-
- mv filea fileb... directory
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- [mv] can also be used to move files to a new directory, provided
- the directory exists, and you have write access to it.
-
-
- ps -options
- ~~~~~~~~~~~
- The [ps] command, by itself, displays the status of each active
- process controlled by your terminal. This status report includes
- the Process Identification Number (PID), the terminal (TTY), the
- time the process has been executing (TIME), and the command line
- used to execute the process (CMD).
- [ps]'s three options include -a (displays info. on active processes
- controlled by any terminal), -x (info. on ALL active processes), and
- -l (an extensive status report on all active processes).
-
-
- pwd
- ~~~
- [pwd] command displays the present working directory.
-
-
- rm filename
- ~~~~~~~~~~~
- [rm] removes a file. More than one file can be specified.
-
-
- rmdir directoryname
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- This utility removes a directory, an EMPTY directory (save the
- hidden files).
-
-
- sleep seconds
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- The [sleep] utility causes a process to become inactive for a
- certain period of time. Max. seconds is 65,536 (about 18 hrs).
-
-
- sort -options filenames
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- [sort] merges and sorts files. Without options, [sort] orders
- files by the ASCII codes of the characters at the beginning
- of each line. Options include -b (leading blanks ignored), -d
- (only letters, digs, and blanks considered; "dictionary sort"),
- -f (case ignored), -n (numerical sort [for numerical data]), and
- -r (a reverse sort).
-
-
- split -size original resulting
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- [split] divides a large file into smaller ones. [size] refers to
- the number of lines the resulting files contain, [original] is
- the name of the orig. file, and [resulting] represents the
- prefix name assigned to the newly created files.
-
-
- umask ugo
- ~~~~~~~~~
- [umask] changes the file CREATION mask (see [chmod] for already
- existing files). Here, [u] represents the owner's access
- permission, [g] the group's a.p., and [o] the a.p. for all others.
-
-
- [uucp] (UNIX to UNIX copy) can be used to send files to a
- remote UNIX, or retrieve files from the remote system.
- Other UNIX comm commands include [cu] (which establishes contact
- with another system), and [uux] (UNIX to UNIX execute; allows
- commands to be executed on a remote system).
-
-
- wc -options filenames
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- The [wc] utility displays file-size information. This includes
- the number of lines, words, and characters. By chosing the
- -l, -w, or -c options, the information can be limited to only
- line, word, or character number.
-
-
- who
- ~~~
- A very useful command (which some systems respond to even before
- a user is actually logged on), [who] displays a list of users
- currently online. This list includes the user's name, terminal
- device # (tty), and the log-in time. [who am i] displays info.
- only on the user who executed the command.
-
-
-
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